To examine the relationship between perfectionism and sport achievement in a sample of athletes, 74 students (44 males, 30 females) from Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, participated in this study. All participants were asked to complete Farsi version of Positive and Negative perfectionism Scale (FPANPS). To measure the sport achievement, athletes' coaches were asked to rate Sport Achievement Scale (SAS). Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics including means, standard deviations, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation, and regression analysis. A simple positive and negative correlation was found between positive and negative perfectionism and sport achievement respectively. However, positive perfectionism was the only significant predicting factor for changes in sport achievement. Positive perfectionism is supposed to increase the level of sport achievement via characteristics such as realistic thinking, acceptance of personal limitations, flexibility, self-satisfaction, enhancement of self-esteem, self-confidence, as well as positive perception of social supports and evaluations.

Justice as a basic necessity of social life, plays a critical role in administration of sport teams and sport organization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between Perceived Organizational Justice in Collegiate Sport Teams and Sport Achievement Motivation. In this descriptive – correlative study, 102 student athletes (56 males, 46 females) who were selected as statistical sample from Northern Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan provinces responded to Organizational Justice Questionnaire developed by Niehoff & Moorman (1993) and sport achievement motivation Questionnaire developed by Gill et al. (1983). Conducting correlation coefficient for data analysis revealed that perceived organization justice and its subscales significantly correlated to sport achievement motivation in collegiate sport teams. Moreover, the results of the stepwise regression revealed that, among perceived organization justice subscales, interactional justice was the strongest predictor of sport achievement motivation.

The aim of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of Achievement Goals in Sport Questionnaire. The statistical population of this study was physical Education students of Ferdowsi University in Mashhad (N=450) out of which 186 samples were selected randomly as the sample.Measurement Instrument was a questionnaire of 12-item used Achievement Goals (Riou et al, 2012) with four subscales (Mastery-Approach Goal, Performance-Approach Goal, Mastery-Avoidance Goal, Performance-Avoidance Goal). The pointing method of questions was based on Likert range five options (wrong completely=1 to True completely=5). Face and content validity of questionnaire were accepted after translation by sport management professors. Statistical methods were descriptional indexes for describing data, Cronbach’s alpha for determining validity, analysis of an accepting factor test in order to examine differences of the averages the statistical software SPSS and LISREL was used. Analytical results showed (a=0.81) reliability for Achievement Goals questionnaire. All questions had a significant relationship with their agent in reliability of Structure, the amount of relationship and T-value, and they could be a good predictor for their agent. X2/df=1.63, RMSEA=0.066 indexes and RMR=0.057, GFI=0.92, AGFI=0.90, NFI=0.93 and CFI=0.97 also confirmed the goodness of models. The results among the relations of factors and the meaning of Achievement Goals showed that all factors could be a good predictor for the concept of Achievement Goals as well. Finally internal and external validity of Achievement Goals model were accepted.

The aim of present study was to investigate the interactional view of achievement motivation via the influences of competitiveness and type of sport. 640 high school students sampled randomly for this study. Competitive students were selected from the formal competitions in group,double and individual sports whereas noncompeptitive students that were selected in the local sport centers who participated in informal recreational sports. Factorial MANOVA results showed that there are significant main effects for competitiveness (F=7.28,P<0.01), and type of sport (F=1.96,P<0.05) and significant interaction of sport and group (F=2.5,P<0.05). In conclusion, achievement behavior in sport affected by personal-situational factors, and these findings support the interactional view of achievement motivation.

The present research aims at studying the relationship between sport perfectionism and achievement motivation with sport success. The population were including of all athletes participating in 1-st Division League of Kabaddi, from which 144 people were selected randomly as sample. This was a descriptive correlational research. The result of correlation test indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between positive perfectionism and achievement motivation with sport success, and there was significant negative correlation between negative dimensions of perfectionism and sport success. The regression analysis also showed that perfectionism explained 51% and achievement motivation explained 48% of variance in sport success. Finally, it can be said that motivation as a progressive force can be effective in achieving high performance, and the athlete always needs to maintain proper levels of perfectionism in order to be successful.

The main objective of this research was to evaluate reliability and validity of Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athlestes (Rest Q-Sport). Professional and semi-professional athletes of handball and basketball constitute statistical population of current work. Some 510 athletes were chosen in random as statistical samples. Measurement tool used was a Rest Q-Sport comprised of 76 questions with 19 sub scales (general stress, emotional stress, social stress, struggle/strain, fatigue, energy deficiency, physical problems, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general health, sleep quality, impaired relaxation, emotional fatigue, injury, physical fitness, personal problems, self-efficacy, self-regulation). The scoring method was based on a 5-choiced Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified after being translated by expert professors of physical exercise. Statistical methods applied were descriptive indexes for description of data, Cronbach’s alpha for reliability assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and t individual samples for studying difference with average values. Research findings were indicative of a=0.98 reliability for Rest Q-Sport. All questions showed significant relations with the factor in terms of structure validity and based on the extent of relations and T-values. Indexes of x2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.052, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.93, IFI=0.98, RFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.90 also demonstrated fitness of the model altogether. Moreover, regarding the relation between factors and concept of improved stress for athletes, the obtained results indicated that all factors were able to predict the concept of improved stress well. Therefore, internal and external validities of the model “improved stress for athletes” were confirmed as well.

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of coping with stress on sport achievement. Forty - eight student athletes (26 boys, 22 girls) from the faculty of physical education and sport sciences, University of Tehran, included this study. All participants were asked to complete the inventory of coping styles in sport (ICSS). The athletes' coaches were asked to rate the sport achievement scale (SAS) in order to measure students' sport achievement. The results revealed that approach coping style was negatively associated with sport achievement. Avoidant coping style was positively associated with sport achievement in male athletes but not female athletes. Approach coping style increases the possibility of sport failure through an engagement with the source of stress, decreasing concentration and attention, and increasing anxiety and distress. A avoidant coping style, on the other hand, increases the possibility of sport achievement through turning away from stressors and  continuing sport activities without anxiety and distress.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender and sport type on achievement motivation and fear of failure in elite athletes. Two hundred athletes competing nationally or internationally with 5-7 years of experiences, enrolled in the study based on convenience and purposive sampling method. The Sport Orientation and Appraisal Questionnaires were filled out. Data were analyzed using t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. Results showed male athletes are more competitive, while female athletes are more goal-oriented. Female and athletes in team sports experience more fear of failure compared with male and individual sports athlete. Team sport athlete have more desire of victory while individual sports athlete are more competitive and goal-oriented. Based on the results, different factors can influence achievement motivation and fear of failure. Psychological intervention is recommended especially for female and team sports athlete to promote achievement motivation and control fear of failure.